Effect of the electrostatic focusing lens voltage on structures size in 3D printing by charged Au nanoparticles

The paper demonstrates a method for three-dimensional aerosol printing of charged nanoparticles using electrostatic focusing through a conductive matrix lens. The study showcases the successful printing of narrow and highly conductive structures on a silicon substrate, utilizing 20–180 nm gold nanoparticles and alternating voltage on a stainless-steel lens. The results indicate that structures significantly smaller than the lens holes were achieved, and an experimental relationship between the structure width and lens voltage was established.