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  <front xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Journal: Physics and Mathematics</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Физико-математические науки</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2304-9782, 2618-8686, 2405-7223</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">9</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18721/JPM.173.109</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ion exchange method for obtaining second-order nonlinearity in glass</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Метод ионного обмена для получения нелинейности второго порядка в стекле</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3942-7908</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kan</surname>
            <given-names>Gennadiy</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>gennadiykang@gmail.com</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reshetov</surname>
            <given-names>Ilya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>reshetov_iv@spbstu.ru</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1744-5976</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Terpitskiy</surname>
            <given-names>Aleksey</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherbak</surname>
            <given-names>Sergey</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>sergeygtn@yandex.ru</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lipovskii</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>lipovskii@mail.ru</email>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Alferov University</aff>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-04">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>17</volume>
      <issue>3.1</issue>
      <fpage>47</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <self-uri xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://physmath.spbstu.ru/userfiles/files/articles/2024/3.1/09_47-51_17(3_1)2024.pdf"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>In this work, we propose two-step process to create a second-order nonlinearity in glasses. First, we use the ion exchange method to form a region of an ion concentration and, consequently, conductivity gradient in glass.  Afterwards, we apply DC voltage to the specimen at room temperature. This causes formation of non-equilibrium charge and inner electrostatic field, which induces effective second-order optical nonlinearity of the glass that exceeds  one of thermally poled glass sample. After turning the voltage off, the effect gradually degrades within a few hundreds of seconds. Comparison of silver-for-sodium and potassium-for-sodium ion exchanges shows that in the latter  case the result nonlinearity has longer relaxation time.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>glass</kwd>
        <kwd>ion-exchange</kwd>
        <kwd>Maxwell-Wagner effect</kwd>
        <kwd>EFISH</kwd>
        <kwd>second harmonic generation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
