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<article article-type="meeting-report" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="ru">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Journal: Physics and Mathematics</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Физико-математические науки</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2304-9782, 2618-8686, 2405-7223</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18721/JPM.191.117</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of the low-frequency noise of 89X nm-range single-mode VCSELs</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Исследование низкочастотных шумов одномодовых вертикально-излучающих лазеров диапазона 89Х нм</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bobrov</surname>
            <given-names>Mikhail</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>bobrov.mikh@gmail.com</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blokhin</surname>
            <given-names>Sergei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>blokh@mail.ioffe.ru</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kovach</surname>
            <given-names>Yakov</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>yakovachyakov@gmail.com</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3449-8711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Blokhin</surname>
            <given-names>Aleksey</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>Aleksey.Blokhin@mail.ioffe.ru</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2500-1715</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maleev</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>maleev.beam@mail.ioffe.ru</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7221-0117</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kuzmenkov</surname>
            <given-names>Aleksandr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>kuzmenkov@mail.ioffe.ru</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchiy</surname>
            <given-names>Mariya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>M.N.Marchij@mail.ioffe.ru</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2181-5300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vasil’ev</surname>
            <given-names>Alexey</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <email>Vasiljev@mail.ioffe.ru</email>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">Ioffe Institute</aff>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-05">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>19</volume>
      <issue>1.1</issue>
      <fpage>105</fpage>
      <lpage>110</lpage>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This paper presents the results of experimental investigations of low-frequency relative intensity noise and phase noise of single-mode 89X nm-range vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with different photon lifetimes. The lasers are based on a hybrid vertical microcavity design with carrier injection through intracavity contact layers and composite Bragg gratings. Analysis of the low-frequency amplitude noise of the VCSELs showed that the noise spectrum in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 10 kHz has a 1/f-noise trend, transitioning to white noise at frequencies above 10 kHz. The dependence of the amplitude noise on the laser's optical power has a W-shaped form. An increase in temperature leads to growth in both amplitude and phase noise, both at a fixed operating current and at comparable optical power of laser radiation. In the frequency range of 1–100 kHz, the achieved amplitude noise level does not exceed –120 dB/Hz. Meanwhile, in the 10–100 kHz frequency range, the phase noise level saturates at 0.6–1.1·109 Hz2/Hz (depending on temperature and optical power) for devices with a characteristic photon lifetime of ~ 8.5 ps. The obtained results allow the use of the developed VCSELs in compact quantum sensors of various types.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>vertical cavity surface emitting laser</kwd>
        <kwd>relative intensity noise</kwd>
        <kwd>amplitude noise</kwd>
        <kwd>phase noise</kwd>
        <kwd>frequency noise</kwd>
        <kwd>quantum sensors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
