We explored the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy and SERS for the analysis of molds using the example of strains collected from exhibits of the State Tretyakov Gallery. The fungi contained in the samples were cultivated on the surface of aluminum oxide substrates containing plasmonic nanostructures based on silver and gold nanoparticles. The mapping of samples using Raman spectroscopy made it possible to visualize the distribution of organic substances contained in mold fungi. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for the identification of fungi, including those that destroy cultural heritage.